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baby sign language joseph garcia
Haiti: the magical land
Haiti: The Magic Land
By Alejandro Guevara Onofre
INTRODUCTION
In 1492, he wrote Christopher Columbus in Haiti: "The most beautiful in the world." Of course, Haiti is a wonderful country in the Caribbean. I think he has a special beauty, with a geography and traditional culture, which is totally different from other Latin American countries.
However, this test is the historical information Republic of Haiti the first black in modern history and one of the poorest nations on earth. Each chapter provides details on the history, economics, biographies, awards, foreign relations, culture and other important aspects of Haiti. People know very well Haiti not think that Haiti is one of the poorest countries the world, but the island is known for its traditional culture, entertainment, superstitions, history. In addition, Haiti is home to the National Historical Park, one of the old wonders of the world and renowned born women such as Edwidge Danticat and Michaëlle Jean.
Since then, the dictatorships have destroyed Haitian society, the economy, ecology and sport. Since 1950, two million people emigrated from Haiti to the United States and other countries. Haitian-American arrived from Haiti, with nothing but their clothes. Comparing today in Haiti Haiti thirty years ago, we see a change: a new Multi-Party Democracy. Today, a large of the Third World and more than one billion people are under dictatorships.
Finally, I would like to conclude my speech with a message from Albert Mangones: "Haiti is unique in the history of slavery directly from the nation."
CHRONOLOGY:
1492: Christopher Columbus discovered Haiti in the 15th century.
1520-1697: Haiti is a Spanish territory. In late 1500 and early 1600, African slaves came to the island.
1697-1790: Haiti is a French colony. After the 16th century, Haiti was the largest French colony in the Americas. Island for export to Europe, including sugar, coffee and maize. The beauty of Haiti is recognized by the French in the mid 1700 century, which they called "the pearl of the Caribbean".
1790-1803: During French colonial slave suffers abuse. By the late 1790s, independence demonstrations. An anti-slavery movement led by Toussaint Louverture began. Louverture is one of the leaders of major black color in history.During this period, the peoples of the slaves in Haiti attack. The anti-French riots quelled demonstrations brutally. In late 1803, under the direction of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haiti's army defeated French forces at the Battle of Vertieres.
1804-1806: A French colony for over one hundred years, Haiti became independent, one of the biggest events in history. Jean-Jacques Dessalines became the first president of the new republic of Haiti, the first black Republic in modern history. Dessalines is the "Father of Haiti." Haiti occupies the western third of the Spanish, the second largest Caribbean island.
1804-1820: Unfortunately, Haiti is divided into two areas. The north of Haiti is occupied by Henri Christophe, who was named emperor, while the north is occupied by Alexandre Pétion. Petion is probably the largest political Haiti he has lived.
1880: Haiti is one of the richest ecosystems in the Caribbean.
1900: Haiti, modern politicians have been tumultuous, marked by dictatorships
1915-1934: Haiti has not had an effective government of national invasion forces of the United States. U.S. Soldiers sub sent to Haiti during civil war.
1918: The Presidential Palace, one of the best in the national palace in the world, was originally designed by George Bass Haiti. Bassan is inspired by the White House in Washington.
1926: Emily Greene Balch, a human rights activist, went to Haiti.
1928: Cator Haiti is the only one to win the Olympic silver medal. Subsequently, Sylvio Cator Haiti athlete breaks a record long jump men in Paris. Cator was given a hero's welcome the return to their country.
1937: In the Republic Dominican Republic, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo ordered the slaughter of 20,000 Haitian migrants national troops.
1940-1950: Haiti is one of the most popular destinations on the trip to Caribbean.
1944 Dewitt Peters, an American school teacher, founded the Art Center in Port au Prince since 1944, the Art Center became the center of the painting Haiti. Now is one of the major tourist attractions in Haiti, and every year thousands of people came to see the paintings and other works of Haitian art.
1945 Haiti becomes the 26th member of the United Nations in October.
1956: Haiti establishes diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan).
1956: Daniel Fignolé is president of the Provisional Council of State and Head of Haiti
1957-1971: After having worked for a time as a traditional doctor, François Duvalier became one of the most famous doctors in Haiti. In 1957, Duvalier was elected president of the Republic of Haiti. President Duvalier announced: "My government will guarantee the exercise of liberty to all Haitians." François Duvalier, also known by his nickname of "Papa Doc", has emerged as head of state and it has gained almost absolute power. In 1961, "Papa Doc", has rewritten the Constitution. After he became Haiti's first president for eternity. "In the years 1960 and 1970" Papa Doc "superstitions Haiti popularizing ideas through a series of rites Voodoo important. The Duvalier dictatorship established censorship of the press platform. International agencies accuse the government of serious human rights violations. His reign of terror caused the death of at least 30,000 Haitians. The island is one of the most dangerous countries in the Third World.
1957-1981: The First Lady of Haiti Simone Ovide became one the most prominent women in the history of Haiti. Simone, wife of the most famous dictator of Haiti, has gained influence and power through corruption and crime.
1957-1989: For decades, Haiti has no diplomatic relations with the USSR, People's Republic of China, Cuba, Hungary, South Africa and East Germany.
1960: Les Tontons Macoutes, the brutal secret police, has launched a genocide "Haiti" in the that political prisoners were tortured and executed.
1964: Jose Eduard Gaetjens, the idol of millions of Haitians, is arrested and killed by the Tontons Macoutes, Haitians sinister secret police. As John Barnes (Jamaica) and Everald "Gally" Cummings (Trinidad and Tobago) He was a great footballer in the Caribbean. After Gaetjens become a worldwide symbol of struggle against dictatorship in the Third World. He had dual citizenship in Haiti and the U.S. and played in the 1950 World Cup to the United States. The son of a Haitian mother and Belgian father, who has played for several clubs in the United States. The year 1950 was a banner year for Gaetjens: United States beat England 1-0, the cradle of modern football.
1964: Francis Duvalier has changed the national flag. Black and red are the colors chosen by Duvalier. Black, which is similar to the flag of Angola, representing the descendants of the patriot Francis Toussaint Louverture, and is also the traditional color of the Haitian people. While red symbolizes the country `s independence. But the original flag used since 1803, was kidnapped in 1986 by order of the new government.
1966: Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, arrived in Port-au-Prince. Editor's dictator François Duvalier, many African countries have diplomatic relations with Haiti.
1967: The comic a film by British director Peter Glenville, inspired by the cruel dictatorship of the Duvalier family in Haiti.
1971: After Duvalier's death, power passed to his son Jean-Claude Duvalier, the man who is known worldwide as "Baby Doc". Baby Doc is as dictatorial as his father. Haiti is governed by the iron hand. Duvalier, better known for his anti-communist, is omnipresent. Many opposition leaders were arrested. He is accused Human Rights humans. Miles Haitians fled the country. Corruption is widespread at all levels of government. The health system is one of the worst in the Americas.
1974: The sports system is one of the worst in the Third World, but Haiti qualified for the FIFA World Cup 1974. Haiti beat Trinidad and Tobago in the preliminaries of the World Cup. It is a time the best athletes in the chronology, comparing it to something like Sylvio Cator, who won a silver medal in long jump at the 1928 Olympic Games in Holland.
1975: In El Salvador, Miss Haiti, Gerth David was named second in the Miss Universe … which is broadcast live to millions on CBS. Then David Gerth is acclaimed in Port-au-Prince as a national heroine. Miss Haiti participated with 71 other women around the world for the title of Miss Universe, Miss USA in particular, Barthollomew.
1980: Like Canada, West Germany, South Korea and Kenya, Haiti boycott of the Moscow Olympics in protest against the invasion Soviet Afghanistan
1980-1986: Jean-Claude Duvalier, the dictator of Haiti long ago, Michelle Bennett's wife, an aristocratic lady. A little later than three months, Bennett-Duvalier became Haiti's first lady. As Eva Perón (Argentina) and Jiang Qing (People's Republic of China), was a woman of great power. Michelle Bennett mulatto fellow promoted to leadership positions in the dictatorship at the expense of Haitians in Africa.
1982: La Historia National Park (La Citadelle Laferriere, Sans Souci Palace and Ramiers) is designated as World Heritage by UNESCO. Like Machu Picchu (Peru) and Angkor What (Cambodia) National History Park is considered among the wonders of the world.
1982: Ronald Agenor wins gold in men's singles tennis in Central America and Caribbean Sport Games in Havana. It captures the heart of the island.
1983: Pope John Paul II arrived in Haiti for a visit. "The more things change here," said Jean-Paul II.
1986: As Jean-Claude consolidated his power, has always refused to consider a reform constitution. The uprising against the dictator Jean Claude Duvalier began … Anti-government protesters in the capital. Many deaths, injuries and arrests. Trying to end the dictatorship in Haiti long after the fall of Duvalier.
1987: Haiti has a U.S. rate of HIV infection
1987: The new Constitution restored many of the freedoms suppressed by the Duvalier family. The Constitution recognizes the French and Creole as official languages. A new opposition emerged under Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
1988: René Depestre Ranandot writer wins. Depestre Haitian dissident now living in France, was quoted in the novel Hadrian All my dreams. In mid-1980 René Depestre became well known in the circles of literacy outside Haiti.
1990: Ertha Pascall-Trouillot became the first black elected head of state in the world.
1990: First multiparty elections. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a charismatic black leader, was elected president of Haiti. Aristide was the first Democratic president since 1804.He was elected with popular support of a candidate president in Haitian history.
1991: Military coup in the country. Raoul Cedras, the coup leader, appeared to head the new government. This year marked the end of eight months democracy. Under the new government, dissolved all political parties.
1991-1995: as Equatorial Guinea, Cuba and North Korea, Haiti, one of the most serious of human rights in the Third World.
1993: United Nations imposed economic sanctions against Haiti, one of the most densely populated in the Americas.
1994: the peaceful occupation by U.S. forces to restore the democratic electoral system. Raoul Cedras and his family were exiled to the Panama City. Aristide was restored to power.
1995: In Port-au-Prince, the violence of war including murder Meireille Durocher Bertin.
1995: In Beijing, the capital of the Republic of China, Haiti participated in the UN `s Fourth World Conference on Women
1996: More than 5,000 Haitians were killed and thousands people fled the country, the United States, Canada, Bahamas and the Dominican Republic since 1991.
1998: Haitian President Rene Garcia Preval arrives in Taipei (Taiwan) to visit four-day state. He and President Lee will sign a statement to strengthen bilateral friendship and cooperation.
1999: President Dominican Republic, Leonel Fernández visited Haiti as part of a new diplomacy.
2002: In Paris, Dudley Dorival finished 3rd in the 110m hurdles championships the world. He becomes the 1st woman to win a medal Haitian international 1928.Dorival since each was born in New Jersey, USA, for Haitian parents on September 1 1975. In 2000 it officially became a citizen of Haiti.
2000: Haiti is one of the thirty poorest countries in the Third World.
2000-2001: The elections were boycotted by major opposition political parties. Aristide was again elected president. Widespread violence in Haiti claim that the victory Aristide's election was fraudulent. Total political censorship exists in national media.
2004: This year, Haiti celebrated the 200th anniversary national independence. President Jean-Bertrand Aristide fled Haiti to the Central African Republic after protests against the government. Haiti is one of the areas most violent conflict in the Americas. After the United Nations sent troops to Haiti during civil war sub.
2006: René Préval was sworn in as President of Haiti. Since the peaceful transfer of power in February, Haiti is the youngest democracy in the Third World.
ECONOMY
As Bangladesh, Uganda, Tanzania, Haiti is one the world's poorest countries. In 1997, the rate of economic growth in Haiti (GDP) per capita was U.S. $ 1300. GDP per capita in Namibia, Botswana and Equatorial Guinea are higher than Haiti. In the country of 4 million people live on less than $ 2 per day. Over 6 million Haitian people still lack access to potable water and electricity. For the years of dictatorship had left the economy in ruins. The country relies on international aid. Several hundred thousand farm workers migrate each year to the Dominican Republic.
In 1997, total exports of the year was $ 110 million, while imports totaled $ 486 million. Since 1804, the United States market was the main export destination for Haiti. Almost 80 per cent of total exports go to Haiti to the United States. Exports to Haiti include handles of sisal, coffee, cotton, bauxite and sugar. Imports of the island against U.S. are cement, petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment. The France was the second largest export destination for goods Haiti.
In the past, the tourism industry occupies a prominent place in the Haitian economy, but many problems have blocked tourism. Haiti was the first country in the Caribbean to promote tourism in an accelerated way. Haiti is a small country with great mountains, tropical beaches and beautiful historic buildings.
CULTURE
As Katherine Dunham, Lillian Hellman, WB Seabrook, Erik Leonard Ekman, Alejo Carpentier, Selden, Rodman, Noel Coward and Angelina Jolie, many people say that Haiti are the most beautiful countries in the Caribbean. Known as the "Magic Land", Haiti is famous for its culture. While culture of Haiti, their superstitions and their music. Superstitions or Voodoo plays a crucial role in the lives of many Haitians. Voodoo was introduced into Haiti in the late 16th century. Haiti is also famous for his painting, and finally for its ruins … for example, the Palace of Sans Souci, the most famous ruins in the Caribbean. Exactly, this palace is considered a cultural heritage of humanity enigmatic by UNESCO. Originally built by black slaves, now Sans Souci is one of the main attractions in Haiti.
Since the late 1940s, Haitian painting, better known as "naive art" or "intuitive art", is famous worldwide. The largest number was Hector Hyppolite. His work has made its much noise in the United States in the 20th century. Other artists are internationally known Rigaud Benoit, Castera Bazile, Joseph Jean-Gilles and Jean-Baptista Bottlex.Haiti is famous for its sculpture traditional. The best Haitian sculptor is Albert Mangos.
FAMOUS HAITIAN
Nelust Wyclef Jean (singer and original member Haitian-American): the decade 1990 hip hop group The Fugees. Wyclef Jean is probably the best singer Haitian People of all ages. Jean was born in Croix des Bouquets (Haiti) 17 October 1972. When she was ten, moved to the United States. Under the direction of Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill, The Fugees had several hits in the 1990s, including The Score (The Score sold more than 6 million copies). Since 1997, Wyclef John, as soloist, became well known in the international music scene. As a composer and producer, Jean worked with stars including Santana, Whitney Houston, Mick Jagger, Bono, Tevin Campbell, we, Bounty Killer, Eric Benet, Sarah Connor, Claudette Ortiz, Tarkan, Michael Jackson, Youssou N'Dor, Shakira, Olga Tanon, Carlos Ponce and Julio Voltio. For the past seven years has sold over 10 million albums around the world. In 2002, his only Masquerade was a great success.
Since then, Wyclef Jean is a man who still works with love for Haiti, one of the most world's poor. Recently, perhaps his best work: "Yele Haiti, a foundation that works for human development on the island. As Miriam Makeba, South Africa or Bianca Jagger to Nicaragua, John loves his roots. In an interview, Wyclef Jean examined the roots of Haiti: "I am 100% in Haiti. I am proud to be Haiti. I still have my Haitian passport. I represent Haiti in everything I do. all heads She knows I'm from Haiti … who know what I am. Forst was Haitian. From Haiti to die! "Said John.
Discography: Wyclef Jean with the current carnival Refugee All-Stars (1997) / The Ecleftic: 2 Sides II a Book / Masquerade (2002) / The Preacher (2003) / Sak spent Presents: Creole 101 (2004) / Hips Do not Lie (with Shakira, 2006).
SPECIAL PRICE
Gerth David "The Black Goddess"
In 1975, surprised many Haitians to open the newspaper and see photos of David Gerth Miss Haiti in El Salvador. On the evening of 19 July 1975 in San Salvador, David Gerth, Miss Haiti, was the second runner Black first woman in the history of Miss Universe. After winning the title of Miss Haiti, Gerth views of San Salvador, capital of El Salvador to participate in the Miss Universe contest. The competition was grueling, hard, for example, Miss Bolivia, Jackeline Gammarra, favorite, was eliminated. That day, Miss Haiti looks like a black goddess. Her exotic beauty and charm of personality are amazing! At 1.72m tall, was the best in the evening gown competition, but his discourse on the superstitions of Haiti applause rocked thousands at the 25th edition of the competition. Without hesitation, Miss Haiti captive by judges Sarah Vaughan (the black American singer), Maribel Arrieta (Miss El Salvador 1955 First runner up at Miss Universe 1955), Jean Claude Killy (French athletes) and Leon Uris (American novelist).
When Bob Barker, host this show, announced the placement Gerth final was hailed around the room. Suddenly, his pulse beats per minute miles … "Corridor of Miss first is Haiti!" Said Barker. It was one of the most exotic delegates through the history of Miss Universe. In the 1970s, Gerth David was a model of Port-au-Prince and became a symbol for youth in Haiti. Next month in London, Joelle Apollon, Miss World, Haiti, was in sixth place in 1975.After ten to sixteen Miss World, Marjorie Vincent, Former Miss Illinois 1991, has earned the title of Miss America Pageant. The first Miss America from the Caribbean. In other words, Marjorie Vincent has roots in Haiti. Moreover, was the second black woman to win the beauty competition.
SPORTS
As in Brazil and Italy, football is the most popular sport in Haiti. Although national pastime is soccer. A different in the Dominican Republic or Puerto Rico, the Haitian people do not like baseball. In the 20th century, football became the most popular sport on the island, thanks to heroes like Sylvio Cator, Joseph Gaetjens, Emmanuel Sanon. In 1974, Haiti qualified for the World Cup in Germany.
Emmanuel Sanon is one of the most popular players in Haiti and played in the 1974 World Cup. Sanon made a great contribution to football played in Haiti because the world more Cup qualifying Haitian any other. It is always very popular with fans. Another phenomenal talent was Jose Eduard Gaetjens. He represented Haiti and the United States. He made the history of the FIFA World Cup: When the U.S. scored first in the 1950 World Cup against England. Joseph came to the States in the 1940s to play in the American Soccer League. His beautiful game in the club produced a national star Brookhattan. In 1953 he played for Haiti first time.
It is virtually impossible to discuss without mentioning Haitian athletes Sylvio Cator. He is a legend in the sport. Cator won a silver medal in jump length at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. Cator came home to welcome a hero. From 1928 to 1930, he was the man's record jump length. Indicator is a wonderful jumper and soccer player. He also played an important role in the popularization of football in the island (he was national team captain Haiti).
Since then, he is an example for youth in Haiti. He died in November 1938, but today the people of Haiti continues to think him with respect. Several years after the death Cator, the National Stadium in Por-au-Prince, has been renamed in his honor. Cator was the first major sports in the Caribbean who come to dominate the world of athletics.
Famous Athletes
Bruny Surin (Canada-Haiti/track field) / Edrick Floreal (Canada-Haiti/track field) / Samuel Dalembert (USA-Haiti/basketball) / Ronald Agenor (USA-Haiti/tennis) / Sylvio Cator (track and field) / Yves Jeudy (Box) / Dieudonné Lamothe (marathon) / Ludovic Augustin (Range) / Ludovic Volborge (shot) / José Eduard Gaetjens (Haiti-USA/football) / Dudley Dorival (title field) / Fitz Plantin André (football American) / Emmanuel Sanon (football) / Gareth Williams (Haitian-American/football).
Dudley Dorival (track and field) was born on 1 Dudley Dorival September 1975 to Elizabeth (New Jersey, USA). Dorival is the son of Haitian parents and became a citizen in Haiti, just in time for the Games of the XXVII Olympic Games Summer. Since the 2000 Olympics, Dudley Dorival has participated in international competitions under the flag of Haiti. In Sydney (Australia) Dorival finished 7th in the 110 meter hurdles. He became Haiti's first Olympic finalist from Yves Jeudy (boxer) in 1976. He won silver at the World Junior Championships 1994, medal Chanpionship and bronze in the 2001 gold medal at the 2002 World Cup in the Caribbean and Central America in El Salvador. Dorival is one of the best athletes in the history of Haiti.
FAMOUS WOMEN
Michaëlle Jean (Governor General Canada) / Yvonne Neptune (former premier) / Claudette Werleigh (Prime Minister 1995-1996) / Lina Blanchet (singer) / Edwidge Danticat (writer) / Michelle Bennett Duvalier (First Lady of Haiti 1981-1986) / Luce Turnier (painter) / Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (Head of State 1990-1991) / Marie Casimir (journalist) / Sonia Sekula (painter) / Marie Chauvet (writer) / Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain (writer) / Carmen Brouard (singer) / Dayana Bennett (journalist and actress) / Elijah Price (vocals) / White Bosselman (singer) / Lina Mathon (singer) / Georgette Molière (singer) / Simone Ovide Duvalier (First Lady of Haiti 1957-1981) / Marleine Bastien (Human Rights Leader) / Garcelle Beauvais (actress and model) / Deborah Saint-Phard (athletics) / Antoinette Gauthier (athletics) Louise Stone (athletics) / Rose Gauthier (athletics)
Edwidge Danticat (writer): One of the most famous writers of the 21st century Caribbean. She wrote several novels and collections of fairy land, including Kri? CAW!, Nominated for National Book Award. Danticat has attracted international attention in 1997 when he wrote perhaps his most famous novel breeding Bones, a story of genocide under the repressive Haitian dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo.
Garcelle Beauvais (actress): She is the first TV star actress in Haiti. Although he has lived in America for many years, actress and former model Garcelle Beauvais was born in Saint-Marc, a city in Haiti in 1966. She is best known for her role as Francesca Monroe in the TV series Jamie Foxx. As Gerth David, Joelle Apollon, Evelyn Miot, and Marjorie Vincent, has the classical beauty of black women in Haiti
REFERENCES:
Bennett-Patterson, Carolyn. "Haiti: Beyond the mountains, more mountains ", National Geographic, Washington, DC, January 1976
"Bishop, Randa. "Imposing monuments Haitians, Americas, Washington, DC, January-February 1987
"Cobb, Charles. "Haiti Against All Odds", National Geographic, November 1987
-Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year 1981, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 1980
"Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2003, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, 2002
-Guevara Onofre, Alejandro. Mundototal Encyclopedia 1999, Editorial San Marcos, Lima, 1998
-Hunter, Brian. The Statesman's Yearbook 1991-92, The Macmillan Press, 1991
Moritz, Charles. Current Biography Yearbook 1972, HW Wilson Company, NY
Sconfield-John. "Haiti, the Caribbean, West Africa," National Geographic, Washington, DC, February 1961
"The International Who's Who 1996-97 Europa Publications, London, 1996
"The World Almanac 2001, World Almanac Books, New Jersey, 2001
Tibballs, Geoff. The Olympics of 'strange Currently, Robson Books, London, 2004
-Vargas Llosa, Mario. "Haiti: death," El Comercio, Lima, 25.4.1994
Vision. "Empire of Power for Life, Santiago de Chile, March 17, 1967
Wallechinsky, David. The Complete Book of the Olympics, Aurum Press, London, 2004
Wallechinsky, David Wallace, Irving. People Almanac2, Batam Book Inc
-WWW.Yotube.com "El Salvador 1975 Miss Universe" (video)
About the Author
Alejandro Guevara Onofre:Writing is my great passion and I can´t imagine life without writing.I am versatile writer.I have studied Political Science and Journalism.Furthermore, I have been studying Lierature, Olympic History and United States History. I have written and edited many books.I am an author of more than 400 essays…for example “Haiti: The Magic Land”.
Themocracy
Of historical interest — You can see a clip of Toussaint’s last moments in prison from the award-winning new short film “The Last Days of Toussaint L’Ouverture” at http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2468184/